Theories of Leadership

Expert and Staff Development FSPSD200 Leadership Theory Simplified Allisen Penn Assistant Professor  ­ Leadership Development â€Å"Pop leadership† reasoning has large amounts of our way of life today. Book shops have retires loaded with books on leaderâ ­ transport. Pioneers and authority are talked about every day on teleâ ­ vision, radio, papers, magazines and on the web. Therefore, many blended messages about authority are communicated. So †how would you choose what is precise? Peruse within front of an initiative book and you may find that the book is more about manageâ ­ ment and business than administration. An agazine or paper may simply communicate the assessment of a celebrated individual about administration. While the point of view of a notable head or the knowledge offered in a book might be significant, you might need to ask †is this data upheld by examine? A comprehension of the current authority research may assist you with forming your own feeli ng about what is acceptable initiative. When you figure out what is acceptable leaderâ ­ transport, you can start to build up your own initiative methodology. Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our site at: http://www. uaex. edu What is authority? There are nearly the same number of meanings of leaderâ ­ hip as there are books and suppositions about administration. You might need to characterize administration for yourself. Compose your meaning of authority: A usually acknowledged meaning of initiative is a procedure utilized by a person to impact a gathering of individuals toward a shared objective (Bass, 1990; Howell and Costley, 2001). Maxwell (1993) just expresses that administration is impact. The accompanying outline of authority hypotheses is expected to give a summary of a portion of the exploration led on initiative over the most recent 50 years. There is a rundown of recommended perusing (page 4) to assist you with getting familiar with the speculations cap bid to you. College of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating Seven Common Views of Leadership Describe beneath: There are some basic convictions, which incorporate both truth and fiction, about administration that can be summed up into seven perspectives on initiative (Lee and King, 2001). 1. The Genetic View †Some individuals are brought into the world with administration abilities and others are definitely not. Just certain individuals can figure out how to lead successfully; they are naturals. In the event that you don't have this inherent ability, there is no other option for you. 2. The Learned View †If you study initiative arefully and practice, you can figure out how to be a successful pioneer, regardless of whom you are. As it were, this is something contrary to the hereditary view. This view is basic in the military and among administration improvement experts. 3. The Heroic View †The main great pioneers are the individuals who pe rform fearless, shrewd and compasâ ­ sionate accomplishments that all of us can’t. Think about the film jobs played by Gary Cooper, Jimmy Stewart and John Wayne. The observation is this is the sort of pioneers who get all of us in the clear. 4. The Top-Only View †Leadership just occurs at or near the highest point of an organization.Everyone else â€Å"just follows orders. † If you are not the chief, you are nothing. On the off chance that you are the chief, you are all that anybody could want. Being â€Å"the boss† is a definitive objective. 5. The Social Script View †When it is your legitimate go to be the pioneer, you will be inquired. When asked, you ought to acknowledge and be thankful. All things considered, not every person is inquired. This methodology is regular in proficient affiliations and city or network associations. 6. The Position View †If you are in the activity and have the title, you are a pioneer. This thought is tradiâ ­ tio nal in administrations and profoundly organized rganizations and conveys some legitimacy even in the best frameworks. On the off chance that your title is stated â€Å"director of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"head of†¦,† your authority ideals are accepted. 7. The Calling View †Although not really a strict encounter, a â€Å"call† to lead can be very convincing. This idea proposes that pioneers have a feeling of crucial reason. Do any of these sound natural to you? Which one of these perspectives have you encountered? Each pioneer is extraordinary, and no single hypothesis works for all pioneers. Start to build up your own authority approach by becoming familiar with the accompanying administration speculations. †¢ Great man Trait Behavioral Contingency Transactional Transformational Great Man. Analysts who bolster the Great Man hypothesis accept that individuals are destined to administration. This may incorporate individuals from eminence, high-positioning m ilitary officials and industry heads. Today, numerous individuals despite everything hold this conventional conviction, and despite the fact that this hypothesis may sound oldfashioned, examine recommends that a few people have character characteristics, practices and information that loan themselves to authority (Yaverbaum and Sherman, 2008). Contemplating renowned illustrious, military or industry pioneers may give you a few instruments that help ou build up your own authority capacities. Characteristic Theory. Like the Great Man hypothesis, Trait hypothesis proposes that the qualities or the character of an individual may make them a successful pioneer. A few scholastics accept that potential chiefs can be spotted by examining the character qualities of the individual and coordinating them to the attributes of genuine pioneers. Quality hypothesis was nearly relinquished by administration specialists as authority investigate developed, yet in the previous not many years, there has been a restored premium and more research identified with Trait hypothesis. Administration qualities incorporate physical or foundation raits, individual or capacity attributes as well as assignment or social qualities, for example, †¢ Articulate Committed Decisive Determined †¢ Educated Energetic Integrity Intelligence Persistence Responsible Social Status Self-Confident James Kouzes and Barry Posner, creators of The Leadership Challenge, met 75,000 individuals to recognize the main ten qualities required in a pioneer. Their rundown incorporates the accompanying attributes: †¢ Broad-disapproved of Competent Dependable Fair-disapproved Forward-looking Honest Inspiring Intelligent Supportive Straightforward All of these qualities are not character raits. Numerous specialists state you don’t must be brought into the world with these characteristics. Truth be told, you can build up a portion of these qualities as a major aspect of your own administration approach . Social Theory. Conduct hypothesis centers around what a viable pioneer â€Å"does. † Leadership isn't something you are brought into the world with, nor do you need a lot of regularly acknowledged characteristics. Be that as it may, powerful leaderâ ­ transport is reliant on the correct conduct. Scientists suggested that for a pioneer to be compelling, their conduct must change with the circumstance. As it were, you can figure out the proper behavior like a pioneer. that coordinate their ability.The pioneer gives training, bearing, inspiration and compensations for the devotees. †¢ Situational Theory suggests that various circumstances call for various types of initiative. This requires the pioneer to change their style to the capacities of their adherents. Value-based Theory. Value-based authority necessitates that the pioneer and devotee consent to an agreement. The devotee is liable for following requests to play out an assignment. The pioneer, thus, provides prize s for following requests in finishing the assignment. Value-based authority recommends that individuals possibly complete assignments when there are outer rewards.However, numerous individuals achieve errands and arrive at objectives in view of their own inner inspiration. Transformational Theory. Transformational authority is a procedure where the pioneer draws in others, constructs trust and makes an association that builds the inspiration and ethical quality in both the pioneer and the devotee. (Northouse, 2001). A transâ ­ formational pioneer centers around others and their needs so as to assist them with arriving at their latent capacity. From numerous points of view, transformational authority is about a leader’s capacity to make a dream identified with an objective that has importance for both the pioneer and follower.Personalizing Leadership Which of these speculations has the most intrigue to you? Compose a depiction about how and when you would utilize the hypothes is, with whom, where and what abilities you may need to figure out how to be progressively successful. What hypothesis? Conduct hypotheses depend on classes of conduct and administration types. The fantasy in this reasoning is that outward conduct is sufficient to build up initiative. During the 1970s, examine discovered the vast majority of the Behavior hypothesis research to be invalid (Howell and Costley, 2001; Yaverbaum and Sherman, 2008); be that as it may, authority conduct is still oftentimes discussed.Contingency Theory. In an increasingly dynamic way to deal with administration, Contingency hypothesis recomâ ­ repairs coordinating a leader’s style to the privilege situâ ­ ation, which includes coordinating to the group of individuals and objectives. Two normal Contingency hypotheses are Path-Goal hypothesis and Situational hypothesis. †¢ Path-Goal Theory recommends that compelling pioneers assist devotees with arriving at objectives through inspiration by incl uding them in satisfying and important errands How would you intend to utilize what you have realized? When will you use what you realized? References and Suggested Reading Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook ofLeadership: Theory Research and Managerial Application. New York: Free Press. Howell, J. P. , and D. L. Costley (2001). Understanding Behaviors for Effective Leadership. Seat River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. With whom do you intend to utilize what you realized? Kouzes, J. M. , and B. Z. Posner (2002). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Lee, R. J. , and S. N. Ruler (2001). Finding the Leader in You: A Guide to Realizing Your Personal Leadership Poten

Tourism Policy And Planning In Australia Tourism Essay

The travel industry Policy And Planning In Australia Tourism Essay The travel industry makes a significant commitment to Australias send out profit. The goal of the travel industry advertising isn't simply to build global guest appearances, yet fundamentally, to expand consumption infused into Australia on products and ventures bought by sightseers. As of late there has been an expanded accentuation on the significance of improving Australias the travel industry yield by pulling in guests from high-spending markets (sited in the Australian Government 2004; Dwyer et al.2007). To advertise Australia as a traveler goal, Tourism Australia works intimately with the movement business, the Government and the State/Territories. The interest work for global the travel industry for a given goal might be communicated as an element of pay, costs, and showcasing use. Australia has had one of the most grounded performing economies of the world. Australia has an effective government part, an adaptable work advertise with an exceptionally serious business division. Such condition is a key driver of the travel industry action. The strategy settings set by the legislature are intended to convey a dynamic the travel industry that makes a solid commitment to the economy. In Australia the travel industry is progressively observed as an instrument for supporting indigenous networks, a large number of whom seek the travel industry for a superior future. The Australian administrative, State/Territory governments has looked to make the travel industry strategies to encourage advertise development and item improvement in the indigenous segment. On 5 June 2003, the Federal government discharged a draft medium to long haul technique to help grow a feasible Australian the travel industry and better position it against future stuns by making it increasingly powerful and adaptable. Primary key subjects of the system incorporate supportable development and expansion of the Australian the travel industry item, and an emphasis on business yield and specialty markets. The move from an accentuation on amount to quality is significant for diminishing weight on framework, securing the earth, empowering enhancement and item advancement and improving productivity in the business. Australian condition is exceptional from the pristine sea shores, tropical rainforests, tough mountain ranges and huge tracts of desert. About scarcely any instances of Australias characteristic miracles incorporate the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is as large as the all out joined territory of the UK and Ireland which contains in excess of 1,000 i slands, from sandy coves to rainforest isles. The Wet Tropics World Heritage Area Tropical North Queensland is the kind of spot that somebody might want to travel, it covers 900,000 hectares. The Uluru Ayers Rock is viewed as one of the extraordinary miracles of the world and one of the Australias most conspicuous regular symbols. Australians care about their remarkable condition, for example, practical the travel industry is a significant factor in approach making. The Australian government is focused on and works intimately with the travel industry to convey a naturally manageable and socially mindful the travel industry item. A noteworthy commitment to the travel industry is made by social the travel industry. The encounters produced by Australian exhibitions, visual expressions and our legacy are one of a kind. Australias National Tourism Policy the wide statement of purpose of Australias Federal government according to the travel industry strategy is to add to Australias financial and social prosperity through the improvement of approaches that accomplish on universally serious the travel industry segment concentrated on manageable development. In the year 1998 a National Action Plan for Tourism was discharged by the Federal government to give guidance for the travel industry approach detailing and industry arranging. A portion of the key goals of the Plan included creating potential new and developing markets through focused advertising procedures. Empowering the advancement of proficient and serious transportation systems, Fostering local the travel industry improvement, upgrading industry norms and a bility levels, improving the industrys data base, empowering the protection and safeguarding of Australias one of a kind characteristic and social legacy, empowering enhancement of the industrys item base and strengthening Australias picture as a sheltered and amicable goal. The entire of the administration approach sought after in Australia is proposed to guarantee a sound monetary establishment that plans to make an ideal arrangement condition for the travel industry advancement. Network contribution is a significant factor that is probably going to fundamentally impact the supportability of any travel industry advancement. The inclusion of local people in the arranging and operational stages can guarantee that advancement will be socially and naturally capable and that subsequent effects will be seen as fitting by the host network. The travel industry organizations in Australia will keep on confronting a scope of short-and long haul outer stuns and difficulties in significant environmental change reports. Environmental change is a case of a material danger to Australias the travel industry. The Australian government should take a stab at controlling the quantity of guests showing up in Kakadu Park which is a World Heritage site, the administration can either do as such by restricting numbers to coordinate limit as opposed to having the travelers gathered in time in an engaged vacationer season. The Australian government acknowledged in 1990s that travel indu stry was influencing natural life in the recreation center. Various flying creature species including red-winged parrots, sulfur coackatoos and sparkly flycatchers were recorded as being exceptionally upset when visitor pontoons passed them. Most exercises done at the Great Barrier Reef which is comprised of somewhere in the range of 600 islands, 300 cay (reef islands) and right around 300 lowered reefs. The cook action on the reef is scuba plunging and swimming. There is increment in natural effects by these human exercises which incorporate physical devastation of reefs by grapples and jumpers feet and hands. Jumpers can even reason harm to the coral only by laying on it, as it so touchy. A few pontoons wind up contaminating the water by discharging sewage, besides jumpers feed or contact fish which prompts the alteration of fish conduct. The Australian government ought to have a pandemic readiness and getting ready for the Australian Tourism Industry for instance a flu pandemic in Australia would be not normal for some other present day fiasco and would make new difficulties for networks and business that work inside them. Should a flu pandemic rise, the travel industry is probably going to be affected by brief measur es to forestall its transmission and spread, for example, limitations on movement, closer of open spots, decreased customer certainty. My own scrutinize of the arrangements are by creating potential new developing markets through focused showcasing procedures the Australian government should take a stab at improving their worldwide promoting methodologies and adequacy through a more prominent spotlight on local dispersal and by freshing and upgrading the brand Australia. Empowering the advancement of effective and serious transportation systems can possibly work if the administration assists with encouraging the turn of events and development of reasonable air, ocean and land transport administrations and key the travel industry foundation. Encouraging local the travel industry improvement can be accomplished by supporting residential the travel industry showcasing and doing advancements, which remember local advancements by promoting for the papers or TV. The approach of upgrading the business gauges and abilities levels can be accomplished by the legislature guaranteeing preparing conveys aptitudes fitting for the travel industry workforce and organizations and advance improved profitability. Improving the industrys data base can be accomplished by improving the travel industry data, research and conjectures to all the more adequately serve the necessities of industry and government. Empowering the protection and safeguarding of Australias special characteristic and social legacy strategy can be a triumph if just the Ministry of Tourism in Australia improves Australian information on Australia by empowering residential travel. A solid the travel industry area adds to the monetary and social prosperity of Australians. Significant strategy challenges for the future incorporate coordination of all degrees of government moving in the direction of a concurred structure between the different degrees of government on the national coordination of the travel industry advancement will help with explaining the jobs and duties between the various degrees of government.

Less Coast Tour 2020

Less Coast Tour 2020 Join The Minimalists for a night of less. For our first tour in two years, were simplifying the west coast of the United States and Canada. At each event, well present a talk about the benefits of living with less, followed by a live edition of The Minimalists Podcast with a special guest. Together well discuss consumerism, decluttering, personal values, and minimalism, and well answer audience questions. CORONAVIRUS UPDATE: With consideration for your safety, we have decided to postpone the Less Coast Tour until this fall to protect our audience. All tickets will automatically transfer to the new dates. Details will be published on this tour page, and via email, as soon as they are available. Read our full statement here. April 13 â€" Vancouver (tickets) Podcast: Paul Jarvis | Music: Canyon City April 14 â€" Seattle (tickets) Podcast: Noah Gundersen | Music: Canyon City April 15 â€" Portland (tickets) Podcast: Kevin Rose | Music: Canyon City April 18 â€" San Francisco (tickets) Podcast: Matt Nathanson | Music: Matt Nathanson April 20 â€" Los Angeles (tickets) Podcast: Eric Weinstein | Music: Lee DeWyze April 21 â€" San Diego (tickets) Podcast: Leo Babauta | Music: Raelee Nikole April 23 â€" Orange County (tickets) Podcast: Erwin McManus | Music: Rosi Golan April 26 â€" Sacramento (tickets) Podcast: T.K. Coleman | Music: Andy Davis Ticket options. Regular tickets include seated access to the event. VIP tickets include premium seating in the rows reserved closest to the stage, as well as access to the pre-show meet and greet. Event recordings. If you cant attend, dont fret: our True Fan supporters can watch and listen to these events when theyre released on Patreon. More cities. If youd like to be notified when were coming to a city near you, sign up for our email list or send a text message to our private text group. â€"Joshua Ryan P.S. Were finishing our second Netflix documentary, LESS IS NOW, which will feature portions of the minimalism talk weve been working on the last few years. Were going to retire that talk on this tour. So, if you want to see it live, this is your last chance. If youve already heard the talk, dont worry, each event will contain mostly new material: live podcast, guests, QA, and more. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Bipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders - 1364 Words

Intro Bipolar disorder is an emotional instability checked by great movements in disposition going from a hyper to a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is additionally called bipolar disease or manic depression. Bipolar disorder oppresses 3 to 5% of the populace with inconvenient impact on life possibilities. People with Bipolar Disorder will face life span danger for mood shifts, including fatal consequences. â€Å"It is sixth most common cause of disability in the United States (Altman et al., 2006).† As demonstrated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition the two most basic sorts of Bipolar Disorder are bipolar I disorder (BDI) and bipolar II disorder. There are a wide range of symptoms and a few distinct†¦show more content†¦Poorer self-consideration may add to higher stoutness rates such as things like the absence of exercise, less medical care, and dull lifestyles. These medical conditions just fuel the anxiety, depression, and bat tles of the bipolar illness itself. â€Å"A high percent of bipolar disorder patients present with anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance abuse† (Leahy 2007). Each one of these comorbid disorders add to all the more adapting troubles. â€Å"Higher rates (19.4%) of bipolar disorder are found in patients with borderline personality disorder than among patients with other personality disorders† (Leahy 2007). According to Leahy’s article, â€Å"bipolar individuals with comorbid alcohol abuse will have higher rates of rapid cycling, symptom severity, suicidality, aggressively and impulsivity† (Leahy). Unfortunately bipolar disorder is generally misdiagnosed as unipolar depression. â€Å"Depending on the population, between 7% and 52% of patients diagnosed with unipolar depression actually have bipolar disorder† (Culpepper2015) and could possibly go unrecognized for a long time or more from manifestation onset to first treatment. One st udy reported that patients were misdiagnosed an ordinary of 3.5 times and had seen 4 specialists before being precisely analyzed. â€Å"In addition, 60% of misdiagnosed patients felt that doctors had an insufficient comprehension of bipolar disorder†(Culpepper2015). To confirm the determination of bipolar disorder,

Negative Effects Of Veganism - 1373 Words

The Effects of Veganism Veganism is not only considered a diet, but also a lifestyle. It consists of not consuming or using any animal products or by products. Such items include anything from meat and eggs, to leather and honey. Some people choose to go vegan for many different reasons because there are positive and negative affects. Veganism can affect the body in many different ways. According to an article on veganbits.com, approximately 2.5% of Americans are vegan. These numbers have actually doubled since previous years. This is because people have realized it is not as hard to become vegan as one might think. David Cain had done an experiment where he was going to see the affects of going vegan after 30 days of being vegan. Whilst†¦show more content†¦According to an article on huffingpost.com, a study done by Loma Linda University that was supported by the National Cancer Institute showed that vegan woman has 34% lower rates of cancer, such as breast cancer. Another study done showed that w oman on a plant based diet could fight off three different types of breast cancer. They found the same results in men, but instead with prostate cancer. Although going vegan can reduce some types of cancer, it can also increase the possibility of other cancers. The vegan diet can cause a lack of vitamin D, vitamin B12, and omega-3. According to webmd.com, vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of stage III cancer. Also, in the webmd.com article, Charlene Laino talks about how a new study shows the three fourths of people with various cancers have vitamin D deficiency. Multiple Sclerosis is a neurological disease, which can affect the normal functions of the human body due to lesions on nerve cells. There is no real cure for MS but doctors tend to lean towards a low fat diet to treat their patients, such as Roy Swank. Swank is a doctor who treated many patients with MS. He found that putting them on a low fat diet helped the best. 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Sustainable Fresh Water Supply for Chennai City Free Essays

string(29) " phase took up another year\." Sustainable Fresh Water Supply for Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India A Status Update Joseph Thomas, Chief Technology Officer, Villgro, Chennai, India 3H, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India 600113. Telephone +91 44 6663 0400, email:joseph@villgro. org, mobile +91 98840 49116 Key Words: Rain water harvesting, Sustainable water supply, Urban fresh water. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Fresh Water Supply for Chennai City or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abstract Chennai city, one of the major metropolises of India, is situated at the northern coastal edge of the State of Tamil Nadu. The city is more well-known by its older name of Madras. Currently, Chennai is inhabited by more than 7 million people in an area of 176 sq km. Water supply for this population is maintained by tapping a combination of surface storage reservoirs and aquifers. The Chennai Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB), a statutory body established in 1978, is responsible for water supply and sewerage services in the Chennai Metropolitan Area. The main sources of public water supply in the city are the three reservoirs — Poondi, Redhills and Cholavaram — with an aggregate storage capacity of 175 million cubic metres (MCM). The other major resource is groundwater from the well-fields in the Araniar-Kortaliyar basin and the southern coastal aquifer, and also a large number of wells and tube-wells spread all across the city (Figure 1). Over-extraction of groundwater resulted in a rapid ingress of seawater, which extended from 3 km inshore in 1969 to 7 km in 1983 and 9 km in 1987[[i]]. Groundwater levels within the city also fell and brackish water began to appear, even in localities which earlier had good quality groundwater sources. The CMWSSB calculates water availability based on surface and aquifer contributions under its direct control. Since it perceived reservoirs and other surface supply as more significant for a long time, very little attention was paid to subsurface storage or ground water recharge. As an outcome of research, done by several agencies the CMWSSB embarked on a campaign to create ground water recharge facilities in the city, and later throughout the State. This led to significant changes in ground water levels and to the quantum of water available to the population of a growing metropolis. pic]Figure 1. Introduction The Chennai Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) is solely responsible for providing drinking water and sewerage services to the residents of Chennai. One of India’s major metropolises, Chennai is situated at the northern coastal edge of the State of Tamil Nadu. The city is more well-known by its older name of Madras. Currently, Chennai is inhabited by more than 7 million people in an area of 176 sq km. The CMWSSB depends on surface reservoirs and ground water sources to maintain water supply to the residents. Supply is maintained through multiple means. Since Chennai is essentially low-lying and water supply is intermittent, most residents build underground sumps that store the water. Subsequently, the water is pumped up to an overhead tank. In other cases, water tankers are dispatched by CMWSSB to various localities and the sumps are filled from the tankers. In other localities, CMWSSB has put in place above-ground water tanks and these are filled by the water tankers. In yet other places, residents collect water directly from the tanker, see Figure 2. [pic] Figure 2: Drinking water collection from tankers directly by residents. Despite the seemingly abundant sources of water, Chennai suffers continuously from water stress since the entire basin is dependent on rainfall. The annual rainfall in Chennai is 1200 mm [[ii]]. This quantum is, given the size of the Chennai basin, sufficient to meet the needs of the population. The problem is with the distribution of the rainfall. There are two rainy seasons in Chennai. The first is the Southwest monsoon, which has patchy rains and contributes about 25% of the total rain and falls between May and September. This does not do much for ground water recharge. However, the Northwest Monsoon (Oct to Dec) is usually characterized by a series of storms that brings the remaining 75% of total rain in extremely short bursts. During this time, Chennai is prone to flooding and, before 2003, a large part of this water would have been lost as run-off into the sea. CMWSSB traditionally focused its attention on increasing surface storage, transporting fresh water from long distances. Like the Telugu Ganga project – probably one of the longest canals built for water supply to the city that failed to ease the water problem. Another attempt was to divert water from Chembaramabakkam and Veeranam tanks whereby the water rights of the agrarian community were infringed. Drilling of borewells in the Cuddalore belt and installation of turbine pumps to tap 100mld whereby the groundwater which again supports the local agriculture community was depleted. None of these solutions were sustainable in the long run and yet CMWWSSB paid very little attention to ground water recharge that had that potential. In 1997, at the Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre (MCRC), Chennai, [[iii]] a study was conducted to understand the user experience. The study surveyed 10,000 households in 155 corporation wards of Chennai. The focus was on how residents get their water needs met and how the water is utilised. Raw data from this study was further analyzed by Dr. A Vaidyanathan and J. Saravanan [[iv]]. These studies clearly established that the contribution of ground water could be as high as 80% in some cases. The next section will take up a quick summary of the research and the subsequent sections will deal with the steps taken by CMWSSB and other civil society organisations to get rain water harvesting introduced. The final section will describe the results of these efforts on the ground water table. The research and changes The survey conducted by MCRC was across 10,000 households, representing a roughly 1 percent sample. Another 2500 surveys across, business, educational, institutional, governmental and industrial establishments were undertaken between September, 1995 and January, 1996. The analysis phase took up another year. You read "Sustainable Fresh Water Supply for Chennai City" in category "Essay examples" The main recommendations of the study were to a) encourage public participation in water conservation and ground water recharge b) promote and propagate water saving/replacement technologies in the domestic sector c) use surface water to reduce ground water usage d) encourage ground water recharge by adoption of low-cost water harvesting ystems, cleaning of water-ways and renovation of existing recharge structures, such as temple tanks. In 1999 a National Water Harvesters’ Network was set up by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) water harvesters’ advisory committee in New Delhi. Members suggested that a regional network be initiated in Tamil Nadu to promote rainwater harvesting in Chennai [[v]]. Professor M. S. Swaminathan, provided office space for the network unit in Chennai and Prof. A. Vaidyanathan agreed to chair the group. The Tamil Nadu unit of the national water-harvesting network was launched in April 1999. The network was meant to: (i) provide an opportunity for individuals and institutions actively engaged in water harvesting, in Chennai, to share their knowledge and experience and promote free and open interaction among them; and (ii) to reach out to a wider public in the city and outside to propagate the role of urban rainwater harvesting in terms of technology, experience and its potential contribution in meeting urban water needs. It was Prof. Vaidyanathan who then asked for the raw data from the MCRC study and did his own assertion of the data and analysis. In the background paper that came out of the analysis [3] the following was stated: â€Å"The present paper is meant to give an overview of the present and future needs of the city, the limited and expensive scope for augmenting surface supplies, the need for a two-pronged strategy of conservation/recycling and Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) to increase ground water recharge. † This confirmed the results of the MCRC study. Both the MCRC study and the CSE study highlighted the dependence of people on multiple sources for their water consumption rather than just CMWSSB and the heavy dependence on groundwater by both. Thus the RWH campaign was backed up by strong research results of MCRC and CSE. These studies were necessary to convince the public and the policy makers. It should be mentioned here that the then Chairman and Managing Director of CMWSSB, Ms. Shanta Sheela Nair understood these results and backed the RWH movement fully. In a 2006 publication [[vi] ] Prof. Vaidyanathan and his colleague, J. Saravanan summarized the action of the government as follows: â€Å"In Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, the growing dependence on groundwater since the 1970s is evident in the sinking of increasing numbers of open wells and deep bore wells. This trend, a symptom of the increasing water scarcity in the city, led to a progressive decline in groundwater levels as well as seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Faced with this crisis, the State government passed the Chennai Groundwater Regulation Act in 1987, which sought mainly to curb the commercial groundwater exploitation within the city limits. In 2001, rainwater harvesting (RWH) became mandatory in multi-storeyed buildings. The unprecedented and severe droughts in the ensuing two years intensified the groundwater crisis to such a degree that, in August 2003, the government passed an ordinance making RWH mandatory for all buildings (existing and new) in the city and throughout the State. It further set a deadline of October 31, 2003 for this process to be completed. A vigorous publicity drive convinced the public that the government was serious about implementing the programme and providing technical advice and help in the design and construction of RWH structures. This led to unprecedented activity across the towns and cities of the State, especially Chennai city, and the programme was seen as successful. In this endeavour, however, very few turned to the municipal corporation, private consultants or NGOs with the relevant expertise for assistance in designing and building their RWH structures. Most relied on plumbers or their own expertise. Independent experts pointed out several problems with the programme, noting that ) the time given for the implementation of this ordinance was too short; b) there were far too few professionals with the knowledge and experience needed to design appropriate systems for the widely varying conditions; c) the supply of trained and skilled labour to implement the works was also inadequate to cope with the scale and speed of the programme; d) the availability of quality materials for implementation was also inadequate; and e) there was hardly any systematic follow-up to check the quality of the works reported to be completed. There were widespread but unverified reports that, simply in order to meet the stipulations, grossly inadequate RWH structures had been put in place; the capacity as well as quality of design and implementation leaving much to be desired. This was an instance of decentralisation that, despite the presence of a â€Å"felt need†, occurred without adequate consultation. The legislation in regard of RWH was welcome but the actual programme was poorly implemented and monitored. Although the programme applied to all classes of housing, it ignored those living in informal settlements such as slums within the city limits. These areas could have benefited from RWH in public building and public spaces — an aspect that received very little attention. Moreover, no steps were taken under this programme to reclaim tanks and wetlands in the city that, in the past, not only functioned as recharge structures but were also used as sources of domestic water by communities. † The Government has since 2009 been working towards cleaning up the waterways of Chennai. This effort has seen the government draw on municipal corporation, private consultants and NGOs with the relevant expertise to work on this massive effort. There is a project with an outlay of Rs 1,400 crore (approx US $300 million) to make the city flood-free[[vii]]. In March 2010 the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority held a Seminar on Waterways in Chennai. The proceedings [[viii] ] contain a list of 36 recommendations and some of them are re-produced here: 1. The sequence of actions to tackle the problem may be – (a) flood alleviation (b) prevention of pollution to the waterways (c) cleaning up of the waterways by removing encroachments obstructions (d) restoration / improvements to the waterways and its continued maintenance. . Floods are opportunities to augment ground water recharge to be facilitated by construction of check dams, filter wells, and underground tunnels/storage reservoirs, if the soil conditions and slopes permit. 3. Flood plains should be developed along the waterways in the areas outside the towns and cities, adopting the retention model, as a solution against flood hazards; these flood plains coul d be developed as parks or green belts for recreation such as camp sites. 4. Eco-engineering should also be adopted as a solution to bring nature back and rejuvenate the rivers. 5. It is recommended that corporate sector participation, and general public participation, in planning and improvement of lakes and rivers should be encouraged. Cleaning up of rivers and conservation of water bodies should be thought of as a movement with the participation of all stakeholders including the general public. 6. Adequate public awareness about the hazards of pollution of water bodies and the remedial measures has to be created by organizing community education campaigns. Getting the citizens involved is important, ‘Saving Waterways’ should become a people’s movement. . Use of sewage for power generation and recycling of waste water should be encouraged. 8. Area development plans prepared at micro level, such as Detailed Development Plans, should contain plans for ground water recharge, at least in large premises such as schools and public places. Sustainability measures should form part of the Integrated River Restoration Plans. What is evident here is that the outcomes of studies take time to percolate down to the agencies mandated to make the changes required for sustainability. It also requires a good amount of political will. Much of the change of attitude of governmental institutions can also be traced backed to strong political thrust to implement the changes. Results Data on change in groundwater quantity and quality has to be presented here, mostly based on media stories. Some researchers feel that the effects of rain water harvesting and subsequent ground water recharge are so noticeable that quantifying is not a priority. The Table below (Figure 3) shows the number of rain water harvesting structures built by the Corporation of Chennai, as reported on its website. Rain Water Harvesting done by Corporation of Chennai Corporation owned buildings |1344 Structures | |Flyovers and Bridges |29 Structures | |Open low-lying areas |242 Structures | |Road Margins |945 Structures | |Corporation Streets |2698 Structures | |Corporation pond |1 No. | |Temple Tanks |16 Nos. | |Residential / Commercial / Institution Buildings |329959 Buildings | Figure 3[[ix]] An article published in a leading daily in Chennai , The Hindu, dated January, 31 2009 had many interesting points to make about the results of RWH and ground-water recharge. [x]] â€Å"The CMWSSB study of 759 RWH observatory wells shows that ever since the installation of RWH structures in about 500,000 of its consumer households was made mandatory in 2004, there has been a 50 per cent rise in the water level. According to the CMWSSB officials, over the last five years, the water level across the city has gone up by three to six metres. Similarly, the water quality in several areas has also showed improvement. The sustained normal rainfall since 2004 and the proper maintenance of RWH structures in most households have been the principal reasons. Following the drought period in 2003, when Chennai received only about 690 mm of rainfall as against its normal of 1,200 mm, the water table had receded and, on an average, was at 7-8 metres below ground. In many places it was at 10 m depth and, in some, it was at 10 m. Following a good monsoon (2,064 mm) in 2005 and rainwater harvesting, the ground water table saw an appreciable rise in several areas and the water table reached 1 m depth below ground. The total dissolved solids (TDS), which were earlier as high as 4,900 parts per million (ppm) in some areas, dropped to permissible levels of 500 ppm, greatly improving the quality of water (see Figure 4). [pic] Figure 4[10] â€Å"Before the onset of every monsoon, Metrowater officials conduct a random check of the RWH structures for their maintenance and create awareness about the need to keep these in good shape. Harnessing of rainwater that gets collected in storm water drain network would help reduce the inundation on roads and large volumes of water draining into sea every year†¦.. Unless rainwater runoff in both public and private spaces in the city is harnessed, Chennai may lose out on the precious resource and may end up with water problems during the summer months,† note rain-water harvesting experts. Conclusions This presentation has tried to show that it takes many years of persistent effort to address a problem in civil society. In Chennai, and indeed the whole of Tamil Nadu, the problem was one of water stress. Research showed that the available rainfall could help people cope but fresh water from the rain was being lost to the sea. Based on this, a proposal was made that ground water recharge was a viable, low-cost solution. This proposal had to be championed. Prof. Vaidyanathan and the then Chairman of CMWSSB, Shanta Sheela Nair, did just that. They showed with great determination and several pilot studies that rain water harvesting would be viable and worthwhile. They managed to convince the government of this, and RWH became a statutory requirement for all buildings in the state. Monitoring the quantity and quality of the ground water has shown the significant changes this legislation has brought in. As a side-effect a greater understanding of the need to clean, preserve and secure all types of fresh water bodies has prevailed among the political circles, bureaucracy, NGOs and civil society. The people have also shown great resolve in implementing the solution since it directly affects their lives. The type of study conducted by MCRC and CSE can be a methodology to assess the water sources, consumption pattern, per capita availability and requirement particularly in developing countries. This way the water supply system can be better planned and implemented to be sustainable. References ———————– [i] http://www. rainwaterharvesting. org/Crisis/Urbanwater-scenario. htm [ii] Balakrishnan, T. , Technical Report Series District Groundwater Brochure, Chennai District, Tamil Nadu. Central Ground Water Board, South East Coastal Region, Chennai, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, November 2008. Published by Regional Director, CGWB, SECR, E-1, Rajaji Bhavan, Besant Nagar, Chennai -600090, Tel:+9144 24912941/24914494, Fax +9144 24914334 Web: www. cgwb. gov. in email rdsecr-cgwb@nic. in iii] Thomas, Joseph, Sustainable Fresh Water Supply for Madras (now Chennai) City, India (Contract No. S$P/95/0042) Final report submit ted to UNICEF, 73, Lodi Estate , New Delhi 110 003, Printed by Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Tharamani, Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India 600 113, May 1997. [iv] A. Vaidyanathan J. Saravanan, Chennai’s Water Supply Problems and Prospects (A background paper) National Water Harvestors Network –Tamil Nadu Unit, Centre for Science and Environment. (undated circa 2000) [v] http://www. manage. gov. in/managelib/extdig/Jul99Water. htm [vi] Vaidyanathan, A. with Saravanan, J. ‘The Urban Water Scene: A Case Study -Water Situation in Chennai City’ in A. Vaidyanathan, India’s Water Resources: Contemporary Issues on Irrigation. New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 209-247 (2006). [vii] http://www. business-standard. com/india/news/tn-govt-to-takers-1400-cr-flood-control-project/397769/ [viii] http://www. cmdachennai. gov. in/pdfs/SeminarOnWaterways/1. pdf [ix] http://www. chennaicorporation. gov. in/departments/storm-water-drain/introduction. htm [x] http://www. hindu. com/pp/2009/01/31/stories/2009013150010100. htm Acknowledgements The author gratefully acknowledges the Villgro Innovations Foundation for the time given to write this paper. The valuable inputs from J. Saravanan also gave the author the confidence to make some of the conclusions presented here. How to cite Sustainable Fresh Water Supply for Chennai City, Essay examples

There Is No Gene for Fate Essay Example

There Is No Gene for Fate Essay It is unquestionable that all people deserve equal respect and appreciation for who they are. Any prejudice or discrimination based on race, religion, sexual orientation, gender, or disability is not acceptable either. Although this concept should be fundamentally rooted in our society, it is with regret to see that in some areas certain people still receive unfair treatment. Therefore, some movies and TV programs have been designed to raise peoples awareness of the importance of accepting all people without prejudice. One excellent example is a movie called Gattaca, which conveys the human capacity to do things with perseverance and will, even if one has physical disabilities. On the surface, Gattaca portrays an imaginary future society in which peoples physical traits are prenatally decided through gene manipulation. Our hero in the movie is Vincent Freeman, who was born without any manipulation on the doctors part. Expected to die at the age of 31 from heart failure, Vincent has to go through a not-so-favorable life to realize his dream of being an astronaut. The reality for the Gods child is an underclass where people like Vincent find it hard to get much opportunity to realize their dreams. However, Vincent consoles himself with the fact that he once saved his younger brother, who has perfect genes in his body. He believes that one can do anything once he sets his mind to it, regardless of his genes. Although Vincent takes exams and does interviews to become an astronaut, he fails, and then runs away from home. In the end, he finds himself as a cleaner at the worlds most renowned aerospace engineering company, Gattaca. We will write a custom essay sample on There Is No Gene for Fate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on There Is No Gene for Fate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on There Is No Gene for Fate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With his dream so near, Vincent decides to go into a dangerous gamble of life; he finds someone who sells fake gene credentials and gets himself hooked up with a dominant gene possessor, Jerome Morrow. From then on, Vincent deserts his identity and goes through a rigorous and painful process of becoming Jerome. However, the process is not easy and Vincent has to get various painful surgeries and even inject himself with Jeromes urine and blood in order to successfully hide his recessive gene. So strong was his wish, Vincent becomes an astronaut in the end. Just as he replied to his dominant gene brother Anton when he asked how he had saved him from drowning, he succeeds at Gattaca because he never saved anything for the swim back but kept himself going through obstacles. This movie is appropriate in many ways to arouse awareness that physical conditions do not always decide peoples fate. More broadly, any physical trait one has does little to guarantee or discourage one from realizing ones dream. What matters is not how a person looks like or is physically capable of, but how willing he or she is to persevere and overcome exacting circumstances. In fact, we can see around us handicapped people performing unbelievable things such as winning a gold medal at the Paralympics, or saving a child from burning in a fire. Such feats are difficult even for average healthy people. We therefore call them miracles. However, these people are often unconscious of the motive of those so-called miracles; only perseverance and will power could have allowed the physically disabled to perform such things. We can now think in a broader sense and find out what Gattaca tries to tell us; as Vincent tells us, There is no gene for fate, and you are the authority on what is impossible. If this fine movie is shown at school, students will begin to appreciate each other more as who they are. Young people are easily plant prejudice in themselves because of the lack of experience they have. However, because they are young and still have a chance to change their views, Gattaca will be an excellent opportunity for them to value every individual for their own characteristics, and not judge hem by their appearance. There have been many movies and TV programs intended to arouse peoples awareness of human equality regardless of how they look on the outside. However, I would like to especially recommend Gattaca because not only is it impressive in its new approach to show the value of human will power, but also it brings out the deep emotion of compassion in anyone who watches it. After all, compassio n is the first step to understanding and appreciating others.